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(1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). 1558 -french threat. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. By instinct, Elizabeth was a ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Norfolk was killed in 1572. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Company Reg no: 04489574. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Roman Catholics . [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Died: 24 March 1603. Spain and France were the major European powers. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Boston Spa, Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. 214 High Street, Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. From there we will look at the career . The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. LS23 6AD Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Europe. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. VAT reg no 816865400. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. West Yorkshire, Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Boston Spa, The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Foreign Affairs. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. 14-16 / Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. 2. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . Copy. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. . "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. - Leith blockade. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. It had to deal with Irish . (*fragmentary*). The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Why was France a threat? Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. 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The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. This increased tension between England and Spain. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Boston House, The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English.