What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 1 The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. Answer. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Updates? Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. He was known for his religious tolerance. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Verse 13. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Son of Aksha. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. It does not store any personal data. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. It is by late Vidwan T.K. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. After that, the English translation. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. You can try more lenient search to get some results. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Sanskrit (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. elsewhere. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Deposed by the minister Shura. Verse 11. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel All rights reserved. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. Murdered by Radda. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Corrections? [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. university presses. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Translation of " " into Persian . Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. He was (I.191) the first of his race. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. An unpopular king, he was killed. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. Concerning past occasions. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Verse 15. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Omissions? The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. From Stein's translation:[3]. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features.